Energy storage and release principle: The spring stores the mechanical energy applied by the external force during deformation in the form of elastic potential energy. When the external force is removed, the spring releases the stored energy and returns to its initial state. The ability to store and release energy makes springs widely used in scenarios such as elastic drive, impact buffering and mechanical energy storage, such as springs, shock absorbers, etc.

Vibration and damping principle: The spring will vibrate when subjected to periodic or instantaneous external forces, and its natural frequency and damping characteristics determine the amplitude and duration of the vibration. Damping elements are usually used in conjunction with springs to absorb and dissipate energy, thereby reducing the duration and intensity of vibration. They are widely used in automotive suspension, mechanical shockproof systems, etc.

Stiffness and deformation recovery principle: The stiffness of the spring determines its ability to resist deformation. The higher the stiffness, the greater the load the spring can withstand and the smaller the deformation. Within the elastic limit, the spring can be completely restored to its original shape, and plastic deformation will occur after exceeding the elastic limit, affecting the normal use of the spring. Different materials and structural designs will affect the stiffness and recovery ability of the spring.

Torque balance principle: When a torsion spring is subjected to external force, it will rotate and deform, and a torque will be generated inside to resist the external force, thereby maintaining the balance of the system. This principle is widely used in mechanical rotating mechanisms, such as door hinges, clock springs, etc., to provide stable torque output and ensure the smooth operation of the system.

Compression stability principle: When a compression spring is subjected to a large pressure, it may become unstable, such as lateral bending or buckling, which will affect the normal function of the spring. The compression stability of the spring is related to the material, shape, support method and load distribution. During engineering design, it is necessary to consider preventing the spring from failing due to instability, which is common in the fields of construction and mechanical support.

Friction and fatigue principle: During long-term use, the spring will produce internal stress concentration due to repeated loading and unloading, resulting in microscopic damage to the metal structure and eventually fatigue failure. In addition, the spring will produce friction with the contact parts when it moves, and the friction will affect the performance and life of the spring. Therefore, reasonable lubrication and material selection should be considered during design to reduce friction loss and extend service life.

Summary: The working principle of the spring is mainly based on Hooke's law. Its deformation is proportional to the external force it receives. It can store elastic potential energy under the action of external force and return to its original state when released. It also has vibration buffering and damping functions to reduce impact and keep the system stable. The stiffness of the spring affects its ability to resist deformation. It needs sufficient stability to prevent instability when under pressure. During long-term use, friction and fatigue may cause performance degradation, so reasonable design and maintenance are essential.